Species Descriptions

Dinetus grandiflorus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Dinetus grandiflorus has the largest flowers in the genus and these are beautifully colored and reported to be fragrant as well. It is attractive and coming as it does from high elevation tropics, it might be expected to grow well in milder temperate zone gardens. The species was introduced to horticulture in Britain in the previous century, but it has disappeared from cultivation. Perhaps it is time to reintroduce it as this species has much to recommend it. The novelist Jamaica Kincaid wrote about her experiences searching for this and other desirable garden plants in My Garden (Book) (2001).

Common names and uses:

Chamera lahara, chamero laharo (Nepal); zang fei e teng (China).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Nepal, India (N West Bengal including Sikkim), Bhutan, and extreme SW China (Tibet) (Map).

Ecology:

Rare to common in
moist situations in cloud forests, deciduous forests, thickets, ravines and
along watercourses; in association with Quercus L., Rhododendron
L., Juglans L., and Codonopsis Wall. Mostly on north or west
facing slopes at 1750–2600 m altitude.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers showy, sweetly to spicily fragrant; buds elongate, ± clavate, base swollen, apex acute. Sepals equal, subulate to triangular, occasionally elliptic-ovate, flat or medially keeled, 3.5–6 by 0.5–1.25 mm, base truncate, margins entire, apex acute, chartaceous, margins usually golden sericeous, rarely entirely sericeous or glabrous. Corolla (sub)salverform, 3–4.5 by 2.8–4.4 cm, membranous, mauve to rose or purple with a white eye and throat, rarely white or blue, tube narrow, base swollen, limb flaring abruptly, obscurely 5-lobed, lobes rounded-obtuse, apex tufted with golden hairs, otherwise corolla glabrous. Stamens equal, borne near corolla tube base; filaments ca. 2–3 mm long, base puberulous to velutinous, glabrous above; anthers linear, 2–2.5 mm, yellow to cream-white; pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, 12–15 by 15–21 micrometer, surface granulate. Pistil shorter than calyx; disc absent or narrowly annular; ovary ovoid to subglobose, ca. 1 mm tall; style 3–4 mm long; stigma ellipsoid, entire or scarcely 2-lobed, green in life.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx loosely clasping utricle; sepals narrowly ellipsoid to linear-oblong, rarely narrowly obovate, unequal, concave, chartaceous, stramineous to pale brown, glabrous (rarely glandular pubescent), 3 outer 3.2–4.2 by 0.9–1.6 cm, 2 inner 2.3–3.3 by 0.5–0.7 cm, base + naviculate, enclosing utricle, flaring distally, margins entire, flat or occasionally revolute, apex obtuse-rounded to retuse or emarginate, mucronulate. Utricle broadly obovoid to globose, (10–)14–16 by 9–13 mm, apiculate by persistent 2–3 mm long style, chartaceous, olivaceous to stramineous with darker striations, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial twiner to 7 m long, branches often pendulous. Stem terete, spirally striate, stramineous to brownish, ± puberulent. Indumentum tawny yellowish to golden; hairs of axial parts simple, erect; laminar parts puberulous to velutinous, hairs simple, multicelled glandular, and 2-armed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence solitary (or paired), pendulous, 8–16(–23) cm long; bracts sessile, subulate to linear, 2–4 mm, attenuate, yellowish pilose, early deciduous, lowermost bract sometimes foliaceous, petiole 4–9(–19) mm long, blade cordate to attenuate-ovate, 2.2–5.6 by 1.4–3.7 cm, more rarely bracts all lanceolate-linear, 15–35 by 2–5 mm; pedicels filiform, 6–16 mm; bracteoles 2, scale-like, golden pilose, usually deciduous, rarely accrescent and ovate to subcircular, 1–3 mm long, chartaceous, stramineous.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus grandiflorus (Wall.) Staples, Novon 3: 199. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.8–8.5(–14) cm long, puberulent to villous or glabrous; blade narrowly to broadly cordate, rarely subhastate, (8.7–)10.3–12.5(–17.7) by (5.3–)7.2–9.0(–13) cm, base usually deeply cordate, apex long attenuate to apiculate, mucronulate, adaxially darker brown, subglabrous, strigose or villous, abaxially paler tan, glabrous to velutinous.

Phenology:

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens						6	4	30	26	7		1
Fruiting specimens							1	1	5	4	1

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, 12–15 by 15–21 micrometer, surface granulate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid, ca. 11 by 9.5 mm, smooth, dark brown, glabrous.

Synonyms:

Porana grandiflora Wall. in Roxb. Fl. ind. ed. Carey, 2: 41. 1824; — Dinetopsis grandiflora (Wall.) Roberty, Candollea 14: 27. 1952 — TYPE: Nepal, Sheoparie [Sheopore], July 1821, Wallich s.n. (lectotype: K-Wal 1324.1,A, excluding packet contents; isolectotype: CAL-Wal 1324.bis, sheet 314331).

Porana stenoloba Kurz J. Bot. 11: 136. 1873. TYPE: [India. West Bengal:] Sikkim-Himalaya, not infrequent along the post-road from Kersiong to Darjeeling, 25 Oct. 1868, S. Kurz s.n. (holotype: CAL; isotypes: K).

Ipomoea cuspidata D. Don, Prodr. fl. nepal. 98. 1825. TYPE: Nepal. sine loco, Hamilton s.n. (not found).

Dinetus duclouxii

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

The following unique characters distinguish Dinetus duclouxii: markedly unequal, glabrous or glandular flowering sepals; a salverform corolla with a slender tube; unequal stamens inserted in (2 or) 3 series below the middle of the tube; 3 prominent bracteoles, which become accrescent and reflexed in fruit, and are borne immediately below the calyx. The presence of viscid, multicellular glandular trichomes on the vegetative parts is also unique to this species, though some individuals have so few as to seem glabrous.

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

China (Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan) (Map).

Ecology:

Roadsides, margins
of fields, grassy areas, thickets, stream banks, in scrub, often in rocky or
stony situations and several times collected on calcareous or limestone
substrates at (120–)900–2000(–4000) m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers showy, fragrant; buds slenderly clavate to spatulate, apex acute to obtuse. Sepals unequal, triangular-ovate to lanceolate to linear-subulate, outer 3 larger, 3–8 by 1–2 mm, inner 2 smaller, 1.5–4 by 0.5–1 mm, base truncate, margins entire, flat, undulate, or crinkled distally, apex acute to acuminate, texture herbaceous, smooth to faintly striate, glabrous or viscid pubescent; venation not visible. Corolla salverform to narrowly funnelform, 2.2–3.5 by 1.7–3.4 cm, diaphanous, tube narrow, yellowish inside, limb flaring, white to pale yellow, lavender, blue, reddish, or violet, deeply 5-parted, lobes obtuse to rounded, mucronate. Stamens unequal, 5–10 mm long, usually triseriate, yellowish-white; filaments (3–)5–8 mm long, basal 2 mm villous, otherwise glabrous; anthers linear, 1.5–2 mm, yellowish-white; pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal to obtusely triangular, ca. 10 by 12–14 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil shorter than calyx, 4(–5) mm long; disc annular, slightly 5-lobed, or absent; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm tall; style ca. 2 mm long, white; stigma oblong to narrowly obovoid, ca. 0.5 mm long, emarginate to bilobed, sometimes inequilateral, green when fresh, pale gray when dry.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx clasping utricle, sepals unequal, bases encircling utricle, distally flattened and flaring; outer 3 sepals narrowly ovate to elliptic, 1.9–3.7 by 0.7–1.3 cm, inner 2 linear-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 1.5–2 by 0.3–0.9 cm, margins entire, sometimes undulate or ciliolate, apex acuminate, acute, obtuse or rounded, apiculate, texture stiffly chartaceous, tan to purple-brown when dried, glabrous or ± viscid. Utricle globose to broadly ellipsoid, 5–8 by 5–7 mm, apiculate by persistent 1–2 mm long style, thinly chartaceous to membranous, sometimes hyaline, smooth to faintly striate, pale yellowish-tan to dark chestnut brown, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial twiner, branches often pendant, 1–7 m long, often viscid glandulose; roots enlarged, conical, 3–6.8 by 4.2–5.1 cm, yellowish when fresh; finer roots fibrous. Stem twining, terete, faintly striate or smooth, sometimes minutely verruculose, stramineous to reddish-purple, glabrous or ± viscid. Indumentum yellowish to reddish, a mixture of simple trichomes and multicellular, glandular trichomes, with or without a swollen apical cell.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence 8–17(–40) cm long, sometimes with a small raceme arising from lower axil; lower bracts petiolate, petiole 3–18 mm long, blade ovate, 1.9–4.4 by 1–2.7 cm, base shallowly cordate, apex attenuate, deciduous; upper bracts diminishing in size, becoming sessile, linear-subulate, 4–8 by < 1 mm, deciduous; pedicels filiform, 6–11 mm; bracteoles 3, unequal, immediately subtending calyx, ovate, ca. 1 mm long, to lanceolate, 3–5 by < 1 mm, flat or undulate, in fruit enlarging and becoming reflexed along pedicel, circular, ovate or obovate, unequal, 3–11(–14) by 1–5(–8) mm, apex often inequilateral.

Infraspecific Characters:

Dinetus duclouxii is variable in leaf shape, corolla color, relative stamen length, and density of glandular indumentum. This variation has provided the foundation for taxonomic overdescription, with several distinctive phenotypes having received taxonomic recognition. As with numerous other species in the Convolvulaceae, these character states are not taxonomically reliable. The taxonomic concept adopted here recognizes considerable variation as a single polymorphic species.

Corolla color in D. duclouxii varies from white through pale yellow, lavender, pink, reddish, and blue to violet. Of 50 collections citing corolla color, 13 report white or pale yellow and 37 report darker colors. This is very near a 3:1 ratio, which suggests a simple case of incomplete dominance in corolla color. No correlation is apparent between corolla color and geographic distribution or ecological factors. I believe the white flowered plants do not warrant taxonomic recognition.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus duclouxii (Gagnep. & Courchet) Staples, Novon 3: 199. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.2–7.0 cm long; blade variable in shape, broadly ovate to cordate, hastate, or sagittate in outline, 6.4–11.5 by 4.3–9.6 cm, base deeply cordate, sagittate, or hastate with broadly rounded lobes, margins entire, undulate, or palmately 3-lobed or cleft, or + irregularly incised, apex attenuate, mucronulate, texture chartaceous, adaxially brownish, glabrous to ± viscid puberulent, abaxially grayish, glabrous to densely viscid tomentose; lower order veins covered with minute pustules or vesicles.

Phenology:

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens		3			6	3	5	14	16	8	1	1
Fruiting specimens									5	8	3

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal to obtusely triangular, ca. 10 by 12–14 micrometer, surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed (sub) globose, 5–6 mm by 4–5 mm, reddish-brown to black-brown, scurfy yellowish at first, later smooth, glabrous.

Synonyms:

Porana duclouxii Gagnep. & Courchet, Notul. System. (Paris) 3: 153. July 1915. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Ky-y, près My-lè [Mile Xian], 5 Sep. 1907, Ducloux 5459 (lectotype: P).

Ipomoea #26 F.B. Forbes & Hemsl., Index Florae Sinensis 2: 163 1890 [J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 163. 1890], nomen, based on Faber 1199.

Porana triserialis C.K. Schneid. in Sargent, Pl. wilson. 3: 356. 1916. TYPE: China. Sichuan: Tung River valley, nr. Wa-shan, Sep. 1908, A. Henry 3220 (holotype: A; isotypes: A, BM, E, F, K, MO, US).

Porana triserialis var. lasia C.K. Schneid. in Sargent, Pl. wilson. 3: 362. 1916

Porana duclouxii Gagnep. & Courchet var. lasia (C.K. Schneid.) Hand.-Mazz., Symb. sin. 7: 809. 1936. TYPE: China. Yunnan: “probably at Mengtsze” [Mengzi], A. Henry 9229c, pro parte (holotype: A).

Porana lutingensis Lingelsh. in Pax, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 471. 1922. TYPE: China. Sichuan: “Lu ting tschiau [Luding Xian], Talhänge des Tung ho an der Strasse nach Wa sse kou, Ta tsien lu,” A. Limpricht 1628 (holotype: not found; photo and fragment A, ex WRSL).

Porana lobata C.Y. Wu Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Floris. Res. Rep. 1: 105. tab. 34, f. 3. 1965. TYPE: China. Sichuan: Kwang-yun Hsien [Guangyuan Xian], 28 Sep. 1930, F.T. Wang 22608 (holotype: KUN; isotypes: NAS, PE).

Dinetus dinetoides

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Dinetus dinetoides is distinct from the other members of the genus by virtue of its shortly gamosepalous calyx, densely pilose filaments, and nearly exserted anthers.

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

China (Sichuan,Yunnan), India (Nagaland), and surely in N Myanmar. (Map).

Ecology:

Forests and grassy
slopes in mountainous areas ranging from 1200–2200 m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flower buds ellipsoid-fusiform, obtuse. Calyx urceolate in bud, becoming campanulate as corolla enlarges; sepals 5, equal, triangular to narrowly ovate, becoming cymbiform at anthesis, 1–2 by < 1 mm, herbaceous, basally connate, margins glabrous or reddish sericeous, apex attenuate-apiculate, recurved. Corolla campanulate, flaring from base, entire, 4–7 by 4–6 mm, membranous, white, outside glabrous except for apical hair tuft on each interplica, inside glabrous. Stamens unequal, 2 (or 3) just reaching corolla throat, (3 or) 2 included; filaments pilose basally, glabrous above; anthers ca. 1 mm long, white; pollen 3-colpate, oblate or prolate spheroidal, 12–15 by 11–16 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil just exceeding calyx; disc annular; ovary conical, < 1 mm tall; style 1–1.5 mm long; stigma ellipsoid-globose, ca. 1 mm diam., emarginate.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx clasping utricle (reflexed at maturity?); sepals subequal, spathulate to linear-oblong, mucronate, 6–10 by 1.5–3 mm, chartaceous, glabrous or ciliate; 3 nerves extending to apex. Utricle ellipsoid-ovoid, rarely obovoid, apiculate, 6–8 by 4–5 mm, chartaceous, tan to brownish, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial herbaceous climber to 3 m long. Stem twining, terete, faintly striate, minutely verruculose, 2–3 mm diam., stramineous to reddish brown, tomentose-pilose, glabrate with age, pith solid. Indumentum yellowish, tomentose; axial parts with mixture of longer, erect simple hairs and shorter, + appressed, 2-armed hairs; laminar parts hairs mostly 2-armed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence 18–35 cm long; lower bracts petiolate, petiole 1.2–3.5 cm long, blades cordate, 4.5–8 by 3.2–4.6 cm, persisting; upper bracts becoming sessile, diminishing to 1–3 mm long, caducous; pedicels filiform, 4–5 mm; bracteoles 2, minute scales, immediately subtending calyx.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus dinetoides (C. Schneider) Staples, Novon 3: 199. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 23–70 by 1–3 mm, pulvinate; blade cordate to broadly ovate-cordate, 5.8–11 by 4.3–8.7 cm, base deeply cordate, apex caudate or acuminate and mucronate, adaxially darker, yellowish-green, smooth and ± sericeous, abaxially tomentose, more so along veins.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate or prolate spheroidal, 12–15 by 11–16 micrometer, surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid, 3 by 2 mm, smooth, brownish, glabrous.

Synonyms:

Porana dinetoides C.K. Schneid. in Sarg., Pl. wilson. 3: 360. 1916. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Mengtsze [Mengzi], alt. 1700 m, A. Henry 9340 (holotype: A; isotypes: E, K, MO, NY, US).

Porana megathyrsa C.Y. Wu, Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Florist. Res. Rept. 1: 101, tab. 18. 1965. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Shuangjiang Xian, G.S. Sin 1044 (holotype: KUN; isotypes: IBSC, KUN, PE).

Porana brevisepala C.Y. Wu & S.H. Huang in R.C. Fang & S.H. Huang, Flora yunnanica 2: 630. tab. 179, fig. 4, 5. Mar. 1979. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Kwangnan [Guangnan Xian], Li zhi guo, [Huaguoqing], 8 Nov. 1964, C.A. Wu 9775 (holotype: KUN; isotype: KUN).

Porana dinetoides C.K. Schneid. in Sarg. var. mienningensis S.H. Huang in R.C. Fang & S.H. Huang, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 64: 163. 1979. TYPE: China. Sichuan: Mianning Xian, King-Khoang [Jing Song], T.S. Ying 4342 (holotype: KUN, not found; isotype: KUN), China.

Dinetus decorus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Gagnepain and Courchet (loc.cit.) based P. mairei on a series of syntypes, including Wilson 4186a, which is actually a fruiting collection of D. duclouxii. Their original species concept is amended here to exclude the fruiting characters based on Wilson 4186a.

Common names and uses:

Bai teng (China).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

China (Yunnan, Sichuan) and NE India (Nagaland) surely also in intervening northern Myanmar. (Map).

Ecology:

Forest, often in
river valleys and on steep, often rocky slopes, at 1300–3500 m altitude.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers showy; buds clavate to slenderly obovoid, 17–24 mm long. Sepals equal, often divergent, lanceolate to narrowly ovate or subulate, 2–3 by < 1 mm, truncate basally, margins entire, often slightly revolute, apex acute to attenuate, abaxially shining golden sericeous, along margins (or entire surface). Corolla slenderly funnelform to subsalverform, 1.7–2.3 by 1.5–1.8 cm, diaphanous, outside rose-pink or purplish to white, inside white, tube gradually widening, limb flaring abruptly, subentire, glabrous except for small golden hair tufts at apices of interplicae and a few scattered hairs on tube. Stamens unequal, biseriate; filaments 4–7 mm long, glabrous; anthers hastate, ca. 1 mm long, yellowish-white; pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 10 by 12–14 micrometer, surface granulate. Pistil ca. twice as long as calyx; disc absent; ovary ovoid-conical, ca. 1 mm long; style 2–3 mm long, golden-tan; stigma broadly ellipsoid-oblong, emarginate to slightly bilobed apically, grayish-tan.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx loosely clasping to slightly spreading from the utricle; sepals (sub)equal, oblong to elliptic-oblong to subspatulate, flat, 3 outer 23–31 by 6–8 mm, 2 inner 15–30 by 4–7 mm, texture stiffly chartaceous, tan to brown to purplish-brown, glabrous. Utricle obovoid, apiculate, 6–7 by 4–5 mm, chartaceous, tan to deep reddish or purple-brown, finely wrinkled, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial twiners or prostrate, to 2 m long, branches pendulous, vegetative parts silvery-white. Stem terete, 3–5 mm diam., stramineous to deep brown or purplish, ± puberulent, older stems glabrate. Indumentum grayish-white, axial parts ± velutinous, laminar parts sericeous, hairs 2-armed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence pendulous, 21–33 cm long; lower bracts petiolate, petioles 7–12 mm long, blades cordate-ovate, 4.1–6 by 1.7–3 cm, base with deep, narrow sinus, apically attenuate; upper bracts sessile, lanceolate-filiform, 1–4 by 0.8–1.6 cm, base amplexicaule; bracts mostly deciduous in fruit; pedicels filiform, 8–12 mm long; bracteoles 2, immediately below calyx, filiform, to 3 mm long, deciduous or persisting but not enlarging in fruit.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus decorus (W.W. Sm.) Staples, Novon 3: 199. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.5–8.4 cm long; blade broadly ovate-cordate, 8–14 by 4.8–10 cm, base shallowly to deeply cordate, sinus broad, apex attenuate or acute, cuspidate, texture chartaceous, adaxially olivaceous, glabrous to sparsely and minutely strigose, abaxially tawny and subglabrous to grayish-white and ± shining sericeous.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 10 by 12–14 micrometer, surface granulate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed globose to broadly ellipsoid, 4–5 by 4 mm, reddish-tan, smooth, glabrous.

Synonyms:

Porana decora W.W. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 197. 1914. TYPE: China. Yunnan: [Xinping Yi-Dai Aut. Xian] valley of Ma-li-ouan, Aug. 1913, Maire 64 (holotype: E!; isotypes: BM!).

Porana mairei Gagnep. in Gagnep. & Courchet, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 154. 1915, excl. note about fruit. TYPE: China. Yunnan: [Xinping Yi-Dai Aut. Xian] rochers dans le val de Mali-ouan, Aug., Maire s.n. (lectotype: P; isolectotypes: A, E, G, L, P).

Porana microsepala Hand.-Mazz., Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Anz. 58: 229. 1921. TYPE: China. Yunnan: [Binchuan Xian] Peyentjing, prope Kuti, 27 Aug. 1919, Pater S. Ten 1980 (lectotype: C!; isolectotype: WU!).

Porana macrocephala Hand.-Mazz. ex G. Erdtman, Pollen Morphology & Plant Taxonomy, edit. 1, 128. 1952, nomen, sphalm. “Porana microsepala” Hand.-Mazz. based on Handel-Mazzetti 4929.

Porana mairei Gagnep. & Courchet var. holosericea C.Y. Wu in R.C. Fang & S.H. Huang, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 64(1): 163. 1979. TYPE: China. Sichuan: Butuo Xian, Aug. 1959, Sichuan Liangjang Team 5830 (holotype: KUN; isotype: PE).

Cordisepalum thorelii

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

Common names and uses:

Rahet khati dong (Thailand, Nakhon Ratchasima), re cai (Vietnam, Moï dialect), ma coi (Vietnam, Moï dialect).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Thailand, Laos, Vietnam; probably also in Cambodia. (Map).

Ecology:

Evergreen forests,
mixed/disturbed and open hardwood forests, often in clearings or along the
margins; seemingly always on limestone. From 25–1200 m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers fragrant; buds obovoid or ellipsoid, widest above calyx, apex rounded. Sepals naviculate, ca. 2 by <1 mm; outer 3 obpandurate to narrowly ovate, inner 2 narrowly elliptic-oblong, bases truncate, margins entire, apex acute, outside densely velutinous, inside pilose apically, otherwise glabrous. Corolla cream to pale yellowish; tube 1–2 mm long, glabrous inside and out; limb (5–)7–11 mm diam.; lobes ovate, 3.5–5 by 1.5–3 mm, apex acute to acuminate, both sides densely velutinous-woolly. Stamens < 2 mm long, just protruding from corolla tube; filaments glabrous; anthers broadly ellipsoid, introrse, whitish; pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 10 micrometer by 11–14 micrometer, surface psilate or finely granulate, with pilate multiangulate outgrowths within colpi. Pistil ca. 2 mm long, just exceeding calyx, stigma protruding from corolla tube; ovary ovoid, glabrous; ovules 4; style short, terete; stigma biglobose.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx clasping utricle; sepals markedly unequal; outer 3 sepals broad ovate-cordate to suborbicular, 21–28(–33) by 19–26(–28) mm, base cordate, lobes approaching or overlapping, margins entire, free, apex emarginate, mucronulate, third sepal folded back on itself along midvein (in dried material); inner 2 sepals linear-spathulate, falcate, 5–7 by <1–2 mm; all sepals chartaceous, stramineous to tan, opaque, reticulate, both sides sparsely pilose. Utricle ellipsoid-fusiform, apiculate, 6–7 by 3– 4.5 mm, borne on a columnar stalk ca. 2 mm long, chartaceous, brownish, smooth or shallowly furrowed, tawny to rufous velutinous.

Habit:

Liana to 4–6(–8) m long; vegetative parts fulvous to ferruginous; older stems 5-8 mm diam., smooth to slightly striate, dark brownish black, ± puberulous to subglabrous, pith solid; younger stems 1–2 mm diam., herbaceous, terete, tan to brownish, velutinous. Indumentum hairs 2-armed; arms wavy, ± appressed on axial parts, arms erect or ascending on laminar parts.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence lax, a simple or compound raceme 25–50 cm long.; lower bracts petiolate, petioles (2–)5–13(–21) mm long, blades broadly ovate, 21–31 by 13–24 mm; upper bracts sessile, ovate, 12–19 by 6–9 mm, diminishing to small scales; pedicels filiform, 3–5 mm, increasing to 8–10(–13) mm in fruit; bracteoles 3, <1 mm long.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cordisepalum thorelii (Gagnep.) Verdc., Kew Bull. 26: 138. 1971.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 17–43 by <1–2 mm, ± velutinous; blade broadly ovate to attenuate-ovate, 8–11.5 by 4.3–7.6 cm, base subcordate, sinus broad and shallow, apex attenuate-acuminate to subcaudate, adaxially darker, ± velutinous, abaxially grayish, tawny, or rufous, densely woolly; venation with 2 basal pairs and 1 or 2 distal pairs of secondary veins.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 10 micrometer by 11–14 micrometer, surface psilate or finely granulate, with pilate multiangulate outgrowths within colpi.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed broadly ellipsoid, 4 by 3.5 mm, dark reddish-brown; hilum basal, ca. 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Cardiochlamys thorelii Gagnep., Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 136. 1915. TYPE: Laos. Bassac, 1866–1868, Thorel 2625 (holotype: P, photo K; isotype: P, photo K).

Cordisepalum phalanthopetalum

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Despite intensive effort in 2009, this species could not be located in the type locality and its status remains unknown.

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Thailand, Myanmar. (Map)

Ecology:

Disturbed forest
on limestone between 150–450 m elev.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flower buds broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded. Sepals ca. 1 mm long, outer 3 lanceolate to narrowly ovate, inner 2 linear to narrowly oblong, bases truncate, margins entire, apex obtuse to acute and slightly cucullate, outside densely velutinous, inside apex pilose-velutinous, otherwise glabrous. Corolla yellow, tube ca. 1 mm long, limb 3(–4) mm diam., lobes broadly ovate to obovate, ca. 1 by 1 mm, apex obtuse to acute, outside velutinous, inside glabrous. Stamens ca. 1 mm long, just protruding from corolla tube; filaments pilose basally, glabrous above; anthers broadly ellipsoid, extrorse, white; pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 9 m by 10–12 m, surface finely granulate, pilate multiangulate within the colpi. Pistil ca. 1.5 mm long, equal in length to calyx, just reaching mouth of corolla tube; ovary broadly ovoid, pale tan, glabrous; ovules 5; style absent; stigma sessile, biglobose, green drying to black.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx, utricle

Habit:

Liana; vegetative parts tawny to brownish hairy; lower stem woody, glabrate; branches 4–5 mm diam., smooth to striate, fistulose when dry, pubescent; younger stems to 3 mm diam., herbaceous, velutinous. Indumentum composed of hispid, simple, swollen-based hairs, ca. 1.5 mm long, and shorter, 2-armed, erect, hairs.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence thyrsiform: a congested compound raceme, 40–51 cm long; lower bracts foliaceous, petiolate, petiole terete, (9–)15–25 mm long, blade ovate-cordate, 5.4–8.2 by 3.4–4.4 cm; upper bracts diminishing in size, petiole 1–4 mm long, blade ovate to elliptic-fusiform, 4–7 by 2–5 mm; uppermost bracts sessile, subulate-lanceolate, 1–2 mm long; pedicels filiform, < 1 mm long; bracteoles 3.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cordisepalum phalanthopetalum Staples, Blumea 51: 425. 2006.

TYPE: Thailand. Kanchanaburi: along track from Huay Bankan to Si Sawat, 14°50’ N, 98°50’ E, 15 Nov. 1971, C.F. Van Beusekom, C. Phengklai, R. Geesink & B. Wongwan 3791 (holotype: BKF; isotypes: BISH, C, K, KYO, L, MO, P).

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2–2.5 cm long; blade broadly ovate-cordate, 9.5–14.2 by 5.4–9 cm, base cordate, apex apiculate to shortly caudate, adaxially castaneous, velutinous, abaxially ± densely tawny-fulvous velutinous; venation with 3 basal pairs and 2 distal pairs of secondary veins.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, oblate spheroidal, ca. 9 micrometer by 10–12 micrometer, surface finely granulate, pilate multiangulate within the colpi.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

seeds not seen.

Cuscuta approximata

Author:
Fang R.C.
Contributors:
Author:
Fang R.C.
Chromosome number:
14
28
General comments:

The Chinese specimens identified as this taxon require further study. Possibly two or three species are combined in taxonomic concept followed here; one of them might be Cuscuta cupulata Engelm. Elsewhere in the world (e.g., outside China) Cuscuta approximata is known to be strictly parasitic on Medicago.

Common names and uses:
bei hua tu si zi (Chinese).
Author:
Fang R.C.
Distribution:

China (Xinjiang), N Africa, SW Asia, S Europe.

Ecology:

Wasteland, mountain
slopes, on Medicago, and other plants
including Artemisia.

Editor:
George Staples, Esmond Er
Flowers:
Flowers sessile. Calyx cupular, 2–2.5 mm; sepals overlapping, broadly rhomboid, thickened abaxially, sometimes aureate. Corolla white to pink, campanulate, 2–2.5 mm; lobes triangular-ovate, shorter than tube. Stamens inserted at throat, shorter than corolla lobes; anthers ovate-circular, ca. as long as or shorter than filaments; scales oblong, not reaching base of filaments or ca. as long as corolla tube, apex obtuse or 2-cleft, fimbrillate. Ovary nearly globose; style ca. as long as or shorter than filiform stigmas.
Fruits:
Capsule enclosed by withered corolla, nearly globose, circumscissile.
Habit:
Stems filiform, less than 1 mm in diam.
Inflorescences:
Inflorescences lateral, compact glomerules, few to many flowered.
Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cuscuta approximata Bab., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13: 253. 1844.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

Seeds:
Seeds ovoid, ca. 1 mm.
Synonyms:

Cuscuta approximata Bab. var. urceolata (Kuntze) Yunck.

C. planiflora Tenore var. approximata (Bab.) Engelm.

C. urceolata Kuntze

Thu, 2011-09-22 09:32 -- Esmond
Cuscuta europaea

Author:
Fang R.C.
Contributors:
Author:
Fang R.C.
Chromosome number:
14
Common names and uses:
ou zhou tu si zi (Chinese).
Author:
Fang R.C.
Distribution:

China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan), Japan (Hokkaido), Kashmir; N Africa, W Asia, Europe, occasionally in North and South America]

Ecology:

Open
grassy localities, streamsides, hilly areas and parasitic on Asteraceae,
Fabaceae, Chenopodiaceae and other herbaceous plants; 800–3100 m.

Editor:
George Staples, Esmond Er
Flowers:
Calyx cupular; sepals 4 or 5, triangular-ovate, sometimes unequal, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla pink, urceolate, 2.5–3 mm; lobes 4 or sometimes 5, persistent, often reflexed, triangular-ovate. Stamens inserted below sinus; filaments longer than anthers; anthers ovate-circular; scales very thin, obovate, 2-cleft or sometimes entire, sparingly fimbriate. Ovary nearly globose; styles 2; stigmas divergent or curved, filiform, ca. as long as or shorter than styles.
Fruits:
Capsule capped by withered corolla, nearly globose, ca. 3 mm in diam., circumscissile.
Habit:
Stems yellowish or reddish, filiform.
Inflorescences:
Inflorescences lateral, compact glomerules, few to many flowered. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm or less.
Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cuscuta europaea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 124. 1753.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

Seeds:
Seeds often 4, pale brown, elliptic, ca. 1 mm, scabrous.
Synonyms:

Cuscuta europaea var. indica Engelm.

C. major Bauhin

Thu, 2011-09-22 09:29 -- Esmond
Cuscuta macrolepis

Author:
Fang R.C.
Contributors:
General comments:

The Chinese specimens identified as this taxon require further study because the description is very similar to that of Cuscuta ruschanica Junuss.

Common names and uses:
da lin tu si zi (Chinese).
Author:
Fang R.C.
Distribution:

China (Xizang). Endemic.

Ecology:

In
forests; 2600–2700 m.

Editor:
George Staples, Esmond Er
Flowers:
Calyx cupular, 1.5–2.5 mm; sepals 5, triangular-ovate, unequal, ca. as long as tube, with a few dark brown tubercles abaxially. Corolla white, tinged with pale purple, tubular, 2.5–3.5 mm; lobes reflexed, triangular, shorter than tube. Stamens inserted below sinus, less than 1 mm; filaments shorter than anthers; anthers oblong; scales reaching base of filaments, short and densely fimbriate. Ovary conical; style 1, very short; stigma short ligulate, crispate, together with style much shorter than ovary.
Fruits:
Fruit unknown.
Habit:
Stems green, tinged with pale purple, 1–2 mm in diam., brown spotted.
Inflorescences:
Inflorescences lateral, racemose, 1–2 cm, few flowered; bracts and bractlets scale-like, ovate-circular. Pedicel 1.5–3 mm.
Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cuscuta macrolepis R. C. Fang & S. H. Huang, Fl. Xizang. 4: 33. 1985.

Phenology:

Flw. Aug.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

Thu, 2011-09-22 09:27 -- Esmond
Cuscuta gigantea

Author:
Fang R.C.
Contributors:
General comments:

No authentic specimens have been seen from China, but the Flora of British India account (Clarke 1883), in which the distribution includes Tibet, is followed.

Common names and uses:
gao da tu si zi (Chinese).
Author:
Fang R.C.
Distribution:

China (Xizang), Afghanistan, Tajikistan.

Ecology:

Parasitic
on Tamarix; ca. 3400 m.

Editor:
George Staples, Esmond Er
Flowers:
Flowers 5–7 mm, short pedicellate. Calyx reaching middle of corolla; sepals circular-ovate. Corolla lobes reflexed, elliptic-ovate, shorter than corolla tube. Stamens inserted below sinus, nearly sessile; scales ovate, reaching middle of tube, 2-cleft, fimbriate. Ovary globose; style 1, subulate; stigma ca. as long as or shorter than style, ligulate.
Fruits:
Capsule nearly quadrate, circumscissile.
Habit:
Stems thin or stout.
Inflorescences:
Inflorescences racemose, compact.
Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Cuscuta gigantea Griffith, Not. Pl. Asiat. 1: 243. 1847.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

References:

Fang R.C., L. J. Musselman, & U. Plitmann 1995. Cuscuta In P. Raven & C.Y. Wu (eds.) Flora of China 16: 322–325.

Thu, 2011-09-22 09:17 -- Esmond

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