Species Descriptions

Poranopsis sinensis

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

Common names and uses:

bai hua ye (China).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

China (Sichuan, Yunnan) (Map).

Ecology:

Scrub, covering
rock cliffs, on dry slopes, and along riverbanks on calcareous and schistaceous
soils. From 350–2000 m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers fragrant; buds obovoid-clavate, apex rounded, ca. 5 mm long, sericeous. Sepals equal, 1–2 by <1 mm, outer 3 broadly ovate, midvein raised, visible, inner 2 linear-filiform to narrowly lanceolate, all bases truncate, margins entire, apices acute or acuminate, densely golden tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, 4.5–6(–7) by 4–6(–7) mm, membranous, white to creamy, tube broad, outside glabrous below, upper tube and interplical areas tawny sericeous, limb entire to shallowly 5-lobed, lobes mucronate, terminating in abaxial apical tuft of hairs, plicae glabrous, inside of corolla glabrous. Stamens unequal, < 2 mm long, 2 reaching corolla throat, 3 included in tube; filaments villous below, glabrous above; anthers extrorse, spirally twisted with age, light yellow; pollen 3-colpate, prolate spheroidal, 14–15 micrometer by 10–12 micrometer, surface psilate to finely granulate, pilate-multiangulate within colpi. Pistil ca. 2 mm long, included; disc annular or absent; ovary narrowly ovoid-conical, <1 mm tall, black when dry, glabrous or sparsely villous apically; style <1 mm long; stigma biglobose, lobes horizontal or slightly deflexed.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx bladdery, clasping utricle, third sepal folded back on itself lengthwise in dried material; outer 3 sepals ovate-cordate to suborbicular, (1.2–)1.4–1.9 by (1.2–)1.5–1.7 cm, base shallowly cordate, margins adherent for lower 1/3–1/2, free distally, apex obtuse, rounded to emarginate, mucronulate, stiffly chartaceous, tan to pale brown, outside sparsely puberulent, opaque, inside glabrous, shiny; veins purplish-brown, prominulous, inner 2 sepals slightly enlarged, filiform, 2–4 mm long, membranous, puberulent. Utricle ellipsoid or narrowly obovoid, apiculate, 3.5–6 by 2.5–4 mm, chartaceous, pale tan to dark brownish, darker striate, smooth to slightly wrinkled, glabrous or sparsely apically hairy.

Habit:

Liana to several meters long, vegetative parts tawny to rufous brownish. Stem base brownish, glabrate; younger stems terete to subangular, fistulose, densely sericeous. Indumentum of 2-armed hairs, arms equal, appressed, erect, or ascending.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence lax, 21–36 cm long, internodes long. Lower bracts petiolate, petiole 7–12 mm long, blade cordate-ovate to oblong, 2.5–5.8 by 1.7–3.8 cm, apically attenuate or acute, apiculate; upper bracts sessile, ovate or elliptic (or scale-like), (2–)8–35 by (<1–)4–23 mm; pedicels 3–6 mm long, increasing to 8 mm in fruit.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Poranopsis sinensis (Hand.-Mazz.) Staples, Novon 3: 200. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 1.6–4.9 cm long; blade ovate-cordate, 6.3–9.5 by 3.6–7.8 cm, base shallowly cordate, apex acuminate or rarely acute, adaxial surface slightly darker colored; venation with 3(–4) basal pairs and 1(–2) distal pairs of secondary nerves.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, prolate spheroidal, 14–15 micrometer by 10–12 micrometer, surface psilate to finely granulate, pilate-multiangulate within colpi.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid, ovoid, or subglobose, 3–4 by 3 mm, black, red-brown, or dark brown, smooth, glabrous; hilum basal, circular, ca 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Cardiochlamys sinensis Hand.-Mazz., Akad. Wiss. Wien Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. 1, 57: 241. 1920, excl. notae florae. TYPE: China. Yunnan: in faucibus fluminis Djinscha-djiang [Jinsha Jiang] ad septentr. urbis Yünnanfu [Kunming], 19 Mar. 1914, Handel-Mazzetti 751 (holotype: W; isotype: WU).

Porana henryi Verdc., Kew Bull. 26: 137. 1971, nomen novum, non P. sinensis Hemsl. (1890). TYPE: same as for Cardiochlamys sinensis.

Poranopsis paniculata

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

Author:

Manitz, H.

Chromosome number:

General comments:

Poranopsis paniculata is widely cultivated as an ornamental throughout the tropical regions of the world. The first report of its cultivation dates from 1799, in the botanical garden of the British East India Company at Calcutta. It is now found throughout the tropical regions of the world. However the large size and expansive habit of the plant limit its popularity with horticulturalists.

Common names and uses:

Faindal, jhol (India, Himachal Pradesh); bel-kámú, bridal wreath, lethai, safed-bel (Uttar Pradesh); jharo, silver creeper (Madhya Pradesh); poranana (Maharashtra); buria-lar, khar (Orissa); silvar creeper (West Bengal); rutaza (Meghalaya, Garo dialect); mahadeo lahara (E Nepal); December pan (Myanmar, Rangoon); thazin pan (Myanmar, Pyinmana); yuan zhui fei e teng (China); bridal creeper (Malaysia, English), schildersverdriet (Dutch), kembang garen (Malay); bridal bouquet (Philippines); bridal veil, Christmas vine, white corallita (U.S.A., Florida); Ipomoea (Mexico, Yucatan); Christmas vine, white coralita (Jamaica); vela de nova (Dominican Republic); coralite, coralline (U.S. Virgin Islands); mugue (St. Barts); Chinese lace (Dutch Antilles); muget, muguet (Guadeloupe); corallila (Grenada); corallete creeper (Sierra Leone); liane de mai (Seychelles Islands).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

South of the Himalayas in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Map).

Ecology:

Forests, scrub
thickets, subtropical jungles, open plains, and around human habitations. Soil
types have been recorded as rocky, stony, conglomerate and limestone (in a
subtropical jungle habitat); from sea level to 2000 m.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers sweetly fragrant; buds ellipsoid to obovoid, apically obtuse, villous. Sepals equal, lanceolate to linear, flat or slightly naviculate, 1–2 mm long, base truncate, margins entire, apex tapering acuminate, chartaceous, tomentose-villous outside, glabrous inside. Corolla narrowly funnelform, (4–)5–6(–7) by (3–4–)5–7 mm, membranous, white to cream colored, tube slender, throat flaring abruptly, limb shallowly 5-lobed, lobes obovate, retuse, ± mucronulate, outside of tube and plicae glabrous, throat and interplical areas villous, inside completely glabrous. Stamens subequal, < 2 mm long, included; filaments glabrous; anthers extrorse, whitish; pollen 3-colpate, prolate to obtuse-rectangular, 13–14 by 9–10 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil < 0.5 mm, included in corolla tube; disc absent, or small, annular, and brown; ovary subglobose to broadly ovoid, brownish, glabrous; style very short; stigma subsessile, biglobose, lobes spherical, erect.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx loosely clasping to diverging from utricle, outer 3 sepals elliptic-oblong to narrowly ovate, 16–22(–24) by 7–9 mm, base obtuse to truncate, margins entire, free, apex rounded, obtuse (or retuse), often mucronulate; inner 2 sepals linear to falcate, (4–5–)6–7(–9) by (<1–)2–3 mm; all sepals chartaceous, tan, reddish or pale brown, bifacially puberulent, opaque. Utricle globose to broadly ellipsoid, apiculate, 5–6(–7) by 4–5 mm, chartaceous, tan to brownish, darker striate, pubescent with erect, 2-armed hairs.

Habit:

Liana to 15 m long, vegetative parts grayish to tawny. Mature stems cylindrical, spirally striate, 2.5(–5) cm diam., tan to grayish-brown; branches often pendulous, younger stems terete, 3–6 mm diam., smooth or striate, shoot tips puberulent, pith solid. Indumentum arms appressed or erect.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence horizontal or ascending, 33–62 cm long, lower bracts foliose, petiolate, petiole 7–30 mm long, blade cordate, 3.1–7.7 by 1.8–5.5 cm, sometimes apiculate; upper bracts becoming (sub)sessile, cordate-ovate (to linear-subulate), (5–10–)15–28 by (1–2)–6–14 mm; pedicels filiform, 2–4 mm long, elongating slightly in fruit.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty, Candollea 14: 26. 1952.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.6–10.8 cm long, 2–3 mm diam.; blade cordate or broadly ovate-orbicular, 7.5–16.5 by 5.3–15 cm, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate, sometimes apiculate, adaxially subglabrous or scabridulous with appressed hairs, abaxially grayish to silvery villous, denser along veins, venation with 2–3(–4) basal pairs and 1(–2) distal pairs of secondary veins.

Phenology:

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens	9	5	2	1					2	20	40	15
Fruiting specimens	2	3	8	5							1

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, prolate to obtuse-rectangular, 13–14 by 9–10 micrometer, surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Manitz, H. 1983. Wiss. Z. Friederich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 32: 915–944.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed globose to broadly ellipsoid, 4–6 by 3–5 mm, dark brown, faintly striate, glabrous; hilum basal, ca. 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Porana paniculata Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3: 31. tab. 235. [May 1815] 1819. — Dinetus paniculatus (Roxb.) Sweet, Hort. brit. 289. 1827. TYPE: India, Calcutta Botanic Garden, Roxburgh s.n. sub Wallich Catalogue 1325E (lectotype: K-W; probable isolectotypes: BR, OXF).

Porana tomentosa Lesch. ex Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 6: 489. 1834. nomen pro syn., invalid under Article 34.

Poranopsis discifera

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Common names and uses:

M’ma (Vietnam, Meo dialect); da peng teng (China).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

NE India, N Myanmar, SW China, N Thailand and Vietnam (Map); probably also in Laos, but no collections seen.

Ecology:

Open
situations in evergreen forests, scrub jungles, thickets, along riverbanks and
roadsides and at the margin of cultivated areas. Often on rich, calcareous
soils; between 380–1800 m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers slightly fragrant; buds ellipsoid, obtuse to rounded, to 5 mm long, villous. Sepals ± equal, 1–1.5 by < 1 mm, outer 3 lanceolate to narrowly ovate, inner 2 lanceolate to falcate, all 5 flat medially keeled or ± naviculate, base truncate, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, chartaceous, villous outside, glabrous inside. Corolla 3–5 by 3–5 mm, membranous, white or cream-colored, outside tube base glabrous, upper tube and interplical areas tawny villous, plicae glabrous, inside entirely glabrous. Stamens unequal, 3 exserted, 2 included; filaments 3–5 mm long, sparsely pubescent below with crinkled hairs, glabrous above; anthers introrse, whitish; pollen oblate to prolate spheroidal, 11–13 by 12–15 micrometer, surface psilate to finely granulate, pilate-multiangulate inside colpi. Pistil 1.5–2 mm long, just exceeding to twice as long as calyx; disc annular, ca. twice diameter of ovary, black when dry, glabrous; ovary ovoid, apically or entirely rusty velutinous; style present; stigma biglobose, black when dry.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx spreading; outer 3 sepals ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 15–22 by 7–13 mm, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margins entire, free, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate, often mucronulate, inner 2 linear to oblanceolate, ± falcate, 3–11 by 1–4 mm; sepals all pale tan to brownish, translucent with age, abaxial surface ± puberulent, opaque, adaxial surface subglabrous, shiny. Utricle globose to broadly obovoid, flaring above disc, apiculate, 4–6(–8) by 3–5 mm, dark brown, smooth, tawny pilose with erect, multicellular, simple hairs.

Habit:

Lianas to 10 m long, vegetative parts tawny to ferruginous. Mature stem brownish, striate or wrinkled, solid; younger stems terete, smooth, 3–5 mm diam., appressed pubescent, fistulose when dry. Indumentum arms usually appressed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence congested, to 36 cm long; bracts foliose; lower bracts petiolate, petiole (5–)13–16(–23) mm long, blade ovate, 3.7–6.3 by 2.5–4.3 cm, base cordate, apex acute to acuminate; upper bracts subsessile, lanceolate to linear, (0.5–)1–3.3 by 0.4–1.8 cm; pedicels filiform, 3–5 mm long, increasing to 9 mm in fruit.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Poranopsis discifera (C.K. Schneid.) Staples, Novon 3: 200. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.1–5 cm long; blade broadly ovate-cordate to nearly orbicular, 5.8–13 by 4–10.5 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate, adaxially darker sericeous to glabrate, abaxially densely villous; venation with 3–4 basal pairs and 2(–3) distal pairs of secondary veins.

Phenology:

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens	1		1						1	6	14	15
Fruiting specimens	5	2		1								4

Pollen:

Pollen oblate to prolate spheroidal, 11–13 by 12–15 micrometer, surface psilate to finely granulate, pilate-multiangulate inside colpi.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed spherical, ca. 3 mm diam., glabrous or tawny puberulent at first, glabrate; hilum ca. 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Porana discifera C.K. Schneid. in Sargent, Pl. wilson. 3(2): 358. 1916; — Cardiochlamys discifera (C.K. Schneid.) C.Y. Wu, Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Florist. Res. Rept. 1: 106, tab. 34, fig. 4. 1965. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Szemao [Simao prefect., Pu'er Xian], forests to south, A. Henry 12694 (holotype: A; isotypes: A, K, MO, NY, fragment W).

Misapplied name: Porana henryi sensuVerdc., p.p. Kew Bull. 26: 137. 1971, as to the specimens Forrest 13591 and Anderson & Smitinand 7219.

Porana volubilis

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Porana volubilis is recognized by lenticellate stems; pinnate leaf venation; calyx about half as long as the corolla; fully or partly 2-locular ovary; 2-branched style; reniform stigmas; and the fruiting sepals only slightly accrescent relative to their size at flowering. Furthermore, plants have a weakly twining almost scrambling habit, and the seeds are rather often grooved or lobed.

Common names and uses:

Bridal creeper (India, Malaysia, English); saung daw pu (Myanmar); ladaa, ladaawan, maliwan (C Thailand); kalaa phueak (N Thailand); mok-han-sen (N Thailand, Shan dialect); nada (N Thailand, Lao dialect); dây bìm bìm núi (Vietnam, Annamite dialect); mac lôi, uu muôa (Vietnam, Möi dialect); widosarie, widosari, wedosari (Indonesia, Java); plilitan (Indonesia, Soebah); lapat (Indonesia, akar, Idahan); domag-ac, bevoio al Paro (Philippines); German vine (Philippines, English). This species enjoys localized use in folk medicine. In Vietnam “racines à faire des médicaments” (ex label Phung v. Dien 300). Van Ooststroom (1938: 90) and Perry (1980: 108) cite the use in Indonesia of the fresh leaves as one ingredient in the tonic djamboe bagolan, chewed to freshen the mouth, and in the preparation of a decoction given to women following childbirth. Porana volubilis is grown widely in Asia as an ornamental. In Myanmar, women wear the flowers in the hair and the inflorescences are sold for that purpose in the market (ex label O. E. White 123). The flowers are esteemed for their delicate fragrance.

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Probably native in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia; seemingly introduced and naturalized in southern India, Myanmar, and the Philippines (map).

Ecology:

Coastal forests,
monsoon forests, thickets, savannahs, along riverbanks and on rocks, and in
many situations near human habitations. Soil types reported to be sand, rocky,
and ‘terre rouge riche’; from sea level to 500 m (exceptionally to 750 or 1000
m).

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Calyx loosely clasping corolla tube; sepals equal, outer 2 elliptic-ovate, 4–5 by 1–2 mm, inner 3 elliptic, 4–5 by <1–1.5 mm, base truncate, margins entire, apex rounded to obtuse, herbaceous and pale green in life, chartaceous and brownish when dry, sparsely puberulent outside, glabrous inside, longitudinal veins several, indistinct, darker. Corolla 7–8 by 7–8 mm, membranous, white, limb lobes acute, margins hyaline, outside sparsely golden puberulent, inside glabrous. Stamen filaments 4–5 mm long; anthers ca. 1 mm long, introrse, white; pollen oblate (or prolate) spheroidal, 19–28 by 18–27 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil 7–8 mm long; disc glossy orange; ovary broadly ovoid, slightly 4-lobed, < 1 mm tall, glossy green dotted brown, apically sericeous; style 3–5 mm long, whitish, sericeous basally, glabrous above; stigmas < 1 mm diam., white.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx reflexed at maturity, all sepals equally enlarged, elliptic to narrowly obovate or spathulate, 7–9(–11) by 3–4.5 mm, slightly concave, base shortly keeled, distally thin, scarious, stramineous to tan, glabrous; veins ± parallel, 9 at base, 3 reaching apex. Utricle globose, depressed globose or ovoid, sometimes faintly lobed, 2–4 mm diam., apiculate, stiffly chartaceous, stramineous to dark brown, glossy or opaque, glabrous or sparsely sericeous apically.

Habit:

Liane 6–10(–20) m long, innovations sparsely golden velutinous. Mature stem woody, to 4 cm diam., bark brown, coarsely wrinkled, ridged to verrucose, glabrate; younger stems flexuous, 2–5 mm diam., grayish brown, dotted with whitish, elliptic to fusiform lenticels, tips weakly twining. Indumentum on axial parts, along veins on laminar parts, calyx, and corolla of simple, curved, appressed, hairs.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence ascending, 12.5–26 cm long; lower bracts ± persisting, blade ovate, 2.4–4.7 by 1.5–3.2 cm; upper bracts smaller, becoming (sub)sessile, deciduous, blade 9–15(–21) by 4–9(–11) mm; bracteoles triangular or subulate, 2–4 mm long, deciduous; pedicels filiform, 3–5 mm long, to 5–9 mm in fruit; buds obovoid, basally + angular, apically obtuse or rounded, sparsely sericeous.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Porana volubilis Burm. f., Fl. indica 51, tab. 21*, fig. 1. 1768. TYPE: sine loco, s.d., “Herb. Burman 2087” (neotype, G).

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 1.3–2.7(–3.8) cm long, base slightly pulvinate, ± velutinous within groove; blade ovate, ovate-elliptic, or rarely suborbicular, 5.8–10.7 by 3.7–6.3 cm, base truncate, emarginate or shallowly cordate, margins sometimes undulate when dry, apex acuminate or caudate, mucronulate, adaxially olivaceous to reddish brown, glossy, glabrous, abaxially paler, more opaque, glabrous or sparsely velutinous along veins; midvein sunken and sparsely velutinous adaxially, secondary veins (5–)6–7(–8) pairs, veins darker than blade.

Phenology:

by geographic region

continental Asia, including peninsular Malaysia and Singapore

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens	7	1	3			1			1	8	19	7
Fruiting specimens	2	1	2			2				1	3	2

Malesia

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens	1	5	2	5	8	3	5	4	1	1	3	2
Fruiting specimens	1			1	2	1	2	5		1	4	5

Pollen:

Pollen oblate (or prolate) spheroidal, 19–28 by 18–27 micrometer, surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed globose or faintly 2- or 3-lobed, 1.5–3 mm diam., dark brown to black; hilum <1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Porana volubilis Burm. f. var. burmanniana Blume, Bijdr. flora Ned. Ind. 723. 1825 [24 Jan. 1826]. TYPE: [Indonesia]. Moluccas [Timor]: sine loco, s.d., Zippelius 91 (lectotype: L sheet 901,184–360).

Porana volubilis Burm. f. var. microcarpa Engler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 7: 742. 1886. TYPE: [Indonesia]. Timor: Kupang, 15 May 1875, Naumann s.n. (holotype: B, presumed destroyed).

Duperreya sericea

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Australia (Western Australia). (Map).

Ecology:

Deserts
including Hakea-Acacia bush, open heath, Triodia-Acacia steppe,
on rocky slopes climbing Casuarina dielsiana, and in Acacia
(Wanya) scrub. Recorded from red sands and granitic soil (once); in creek beds
and on hilltops among lateritic boulders. No elevation data reported on
specimen labels.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flower peduncle filiform, 9–11 mm, to 15–18 mm in fruit; bracteoles subequal, tapering elliptic to lanceolate, 3–4 by 1–1.5 mm, chartaceous, sericeous outside, glabrous inside, to 5 mm long in fruit; buds ovoid (to ellipsoid), apex acute (to obtuse). Calyx covering corolla tube; sepals (sub)equal in length, outer 2 slightly wider, broadly ovate to elliptic to broadly elliptic, 5–8 by 3–5.5 mm, base obtuse to rounded, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, chartaceous, smooth, outside golden sericeous, inside glabrous; veins 3 or 5. Corolla campanulate (or broadly funnelform), (6–)8–10(–11) by (10–)13–15(–16) mm, membranous, pale to dark blue or blue-violet with a white center, limb entire to 5-toothed, interplical areas sparsely sericeous, plicae and corolla interior glabrous. Stamens equal; filaments ca. 5 mm long; anthers 1–2 mm long, extrorse, whitish, bases free and slightly divergent; pollen oblate spheroidal, 22–25 by 24–31 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil included, glabrous; disc annular; ovary ellipsoid, ca. 1 by 1 mm, unilocular, dark brown, rough; style ca. 4 mm long; stigma bilobed, <1 mm diam., lobes cordiform.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx loosely clasping utricle; all sepals accrescent, broadly elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, 3 outer 14–19 by 10–19 mm, 2 inner 14–16 by 8–16 mm, tan to pale brown, outside sparsely appressed pubescent (or glabrate), inside glabrous; veins 5. Utricle obovoid, apiculate, 4–5 by 3–4 mm, stiffly chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, brownish with darker striations, smooth, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial twiner to 1.6 m long, golden-gray sericeous. Stem terete, smooth or sparsely lenticellate or verrucate, glabrate. Indumentum of 2-armed hairs, arms equal, opposite, appressed, stalk short.

Infraspecific Characters:

Duperreya sericea is recognized by the broadly ovate, elliptic to broadly elliptic sepals, widest near the middle; the calyx completely covering the lower corolla; the biglobose stigma with the two lobes more or less cordiform in shape and deflexed downward along the style; the fruiting sepals subcircular or broadly elliptic-ovate. Dried material of this species has a golden aspect due to the yellowish color of the indumentum.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Duperreya sericea Gaudich. in Freyc., Voyage Autour du Monde 1: 452. t. 63. 1826 [28 Sep. 1829].

Leaves:

Leaves solitary or axillary shoots developed and leaves appearing fascicled; petiole <1 mm; blade attenuate-lanceolate, linear-oblong, to narrowly elliptic, 21–65 by 1.5–6 mm, base rounded to cuneate, margins entire or slightly involute, apex acute to acuminate (to rounded or obtuse), sometimes mucronulate, adaxially darker, sparsely sericeous, margins subglabrous, abaxially golden-gray sericeous; venation with 1 strong basal pair and 4–6(–8) weak distal pairs of secondary veins.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid to subglobose, 3–4 by 2 mm, brownish to black-brown; hilum ca. 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Porana sericea (Gaudich.) F. Muell., Fragm. 6: 100. 1867 [1868]. TYPE: [Australia. Western Australia:] Novae Hollandiae ora occidentali (baie des Chiens-Marins [Shark Bay]), Gaudichaud s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: G).

Ipomoea modesta F. Muell., Fragm. 2: 22. 1860. TYPE: Australia. [Western Australia]: “in virgultis ad flumen Murchison,” Oldfield s.n. (holotype: MEL; isotype: K).

Duperreya commixta

Author:

G. Staples, Johnson, R.W.

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Duperreya commixta has narrowly elliptic to lanceolate sepals, widest below the middle and gradually tapering distally; the calyx incompletely covering the lower corolla (the corolla tube is visible between the sepals); the biglobose stigma, each lobe directed more or less horizontally from the style apex; the fruiting sepals narrowly elliptic-oblong or narrowly ovate. Dried material of D. commixta has a silvery-gray aspect due to the color of the indumentum.

The range of Duperreya commixta overlaps in Western Australia with that of D. sericea. The former is found primarily on inland sites, while D. sericea has a more coastal distribution.

A specimen of D. commixta collected by David Albrecht from 2.5 km N of Puntitjata Out-station in the far SW of the Northern Territory currently appears to be from a remote outlier more than 500 km to the east of the main population.

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Australia (Western Australia, SE Queensland, NW New South Wales, Northern Territory). (Map).

Ecology:

Inland situations
in dry habitats near pools and watercourses: on rocky slopes in dead scrub,
mulga, bloodwood, among lancewood escarpments, in Dodonaea thickets,
over rocks, and along forest margins. Soil types recorded as red sands, loamy
or sandy-clay soils, and crevices in limestone-conglomerate cliffs. From 0–200
m elevation.

Australia: It grows on rocky escarpments and along creeklines, on
sandy, loamy or sandy-clay soils in Acacia
thickets (especially mulga and lancewood) and in bloodwood woodlands.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flower peduncle filiform, 6–8 mm long; bracteoles subopposite, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, subequal, 2–5 mm by < 1 mm, slightly enlarging in fruit; buds ellipsoidal, apex obtuse, ± sparsely sericeous. Calyx incompletely covering corolla tube; sepals equal in length, outer 2 broader, narrowly elliptic to tapering lanceolate, 5–7 by 1–2.5 mm, base rounded to truncate, margins entire, apex acute, chartaceous, outside sparsely pubescent, shining, inside glabrous; veins 3. Corolla campanulate, 7–13 by 8–15 mm, membranous, blue, purple-blue, purple or white, limb entire to lobed, lobes obtuse, apiculate, glabrous (rarely subsericeous along interplicae). Stamens (sub)equal; filaments 2–3 mm long; anthers 1.5–2 mm long, introrse, dehiscing in bud; pollen 3-colpate (rarely 3-zonocolpate), prolate spheroidal, ca. 32–33 by 27–31 micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil just exceeding corolla tube, glabrous; disc dark brown; ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm, unilocular; style filiform, 3.5–5 mm long, sometimes jointed above ovary; stigma < 1 mm diam., wrinkled.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx spreading; narrowly elliptic-oblong to narrowly ovate, 11–15(–20) by 3–6(–10) mm, stramineous to tan, glabrate; veins 5. Utricle ellipsoid, apiculate, 5–5.5 by 3.5–4.5 mm, brownish tan with darker striations, smooth, glabrous or apex with a few hairs.

Habit:

Perennial twiner to 4 m, silvery gray-sericeous. Stems woody, cylindrical, 3–5 mm diam., brownish red with sparse paler lenticels, glabrate, bark peeling with age. Indumentum of 2-armed hairs up to 1 mm long, arms mostly equal, appressed, occasionally unequal and erect.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Duperreya commixta (Staples) Staples, Blumea 51: 451. 2006.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole < 1 mm long; blade linear to narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 16–57 by 1.5–5 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate to acute, rarely obtuse or rounded, usually mucronulate, adaxially darker, sparsely sericeous, abaxially sericeous.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Australia: Flowering occurs from July to November with fruiting specimens collected through to March.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Johnson, R.W. Austrobaileya 8: 47–54. 2009.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid to subspherical or obovoid, ca. 4 mm diam., reddish-brown; hilum ca. 1 mm diam.

Synonyms:

Porana commixta Staples, Nuytsia 6(1): 52. 1987. TYPE: Australia. Western Australia: 52 km W of Wiluna, 29 Aug. 1970, P. G. Wilson 8965 (holotype: PERTH; isotypes: A, CANB, K).

Dinetus truncatus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Dinetus truncatus is recognized by its distinctive truncate, often 5-angled and purplish-streaked utricle, and elliptic-oblong, purplish fruiting sepals. The purplish streaks on the utricle correspond to gaps between the sepals where the fruit wall is exposed to light. The utricle is bladdery and inflated and the space between the fruit wall and the seed is filled with a whitish, spongy material.

Common names and uses:

Khya nám myg (northern dialect, Thailand).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

E Myanmar, N Thailand and across S China as far as Anhui Province; very likely in Laos (Map).

Ecology:

Rare to locally
abundant in damp clearings in conifer/hardwood forests, along roadsides, in
thickets and old taungyas (cultivated
land) at elevations ranging from 700–2500 m. Soils are variously noted as
sandy, silty, clay, and fertile.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flower buds acute; apex minutely tufted with shining hairs. Sepals clasping corolla base, lanceolate, equal, 2.0–2.5 mm long, sparsely sericeous, apex tapering-acute, often slightly recurved. Corolla slenderly funnelform, 7–10 by 9–11 mm, glabrous outside, tube flaring gradually, limb 5-parted, lobes broadly ovate, about as long as tube, faintly 3-veined, apex mucronate. Pistil shorter than calyx (not visible after corolla drops off).

Fruits:

Infructescence lax, 15–23 cm long; bracts 3.6–5 by 2.3–2.8 cm, purplish, chartaceous, adaxially ± shiny, abaxially opaque, glabrous or sparsely sericeous; pedicels filiform, (7–)10–11(–15) mm, deflexed. Fruiting calyx spreading, sepals all enlarged ± equally, slenderly elliptic to oblong, (10–)17–21 by (3–)4–5 mm, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded, mucronulate (rarely apiculate), stiffly chartaceous, purplish-tan to brownish, glabrous or sparsely pubescent toward base, along margins, and on veins. Utricle pendulous, inflated, broadly obovoid to rhomboid, often 5-angled, 4–6(–8) by 4–6.5(–8) mm, base with an annular lip, tapering smoothly upward, apex truncate or depressed concave, chartaceous, wrinkled or smooth, stramineous to rusty-brown, often darker on 3(–5) angles, glabrous or puberulent with yellowish hairs, filled with a spongy, whitish mass between seed and pericarp.

Habit:

Herbaceous twiner to 2 m long. Stems terete, slightly verruculose with blackish dots, stramineous to reddish-brown, sparsely sericeous, glabrate. Indumentum on axial parts sericeous, hairs simple or 2-armed; laminar parts hairs simple or 3-armed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence racemose or paniculate, bracteose; bracts foliose, sessile and amplexicaule, ovate-cordate, 3.6–3.9 by 2.0–2.4 cm, persisting and enlarging.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus truncatus (Kurz) Staples, Novon 3: 200. 1993.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole terete, 3.8–6.4 cm long, base pulvinate; blade broadly ovate-cordate, 8.3–9.5 by 5.6–6.9 cm, base cordate, sinus deep, broad, apex + caudate, adaxially darker brown, glabrous or sparsely strigose, abaxially sparsely sericeous along veins with simple hairs, sparsely stellate on lamina.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid to subglobose, 3–5 by (2–)3–4 mm, yellowish-brown to dark red-brown, smooth to coarsely wrinkled, glabrous. Seedling hypocotyl visible above ground; cotyledons ovate, apex acute to tridentate.

Synonyms:

Porana truncata Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 136. 1873. TYPE: Burma [Myanmar]. [Pegu Division]: Karenee hills nr. Toungoo, Dec. 1858, F. Mason 17 (lectotype: K; isolectotype: HBG), non P. truncata (Göpp.) A. Schimp. (1890), a fossil taxon.

Porana racemosa Roxb. var. sericocarpa C.Y. , Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Florist. Res. Rept. 1: 103, tab. 33, fig. 3. 1965. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Jingdong Xian, Wuliangshan, 27 Oct. 1950, P.Y. Chiu 53220 (holotype: KUN; isotypes: KUN, PE).

Dinetus rhombicarpus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Dinetus rhombicarpus remains under-collected and consequently it is little better known today than it was in 1873 when Kurz first considered it a distinct species, one which he hesitated to describe until better material was available. The flowering stages remain unknown and only fruiting material, some including vegetative organs, has been collected since then. The fruit morphology and the distinctive shape of the fruiting sepals, however, indicate that this is a distinct species; flowering material may provide additional taxonomic characters.

Common names and uses:

He rut te (Myanmar, Chin State).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

NE India and W Myanmar, perhaps also in Bangladesh (Map).

Ecology:

Rare to common at elevations
ranging from 1300–2075 m, on slopes and along streams, in open forests.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers not seen.

Fruits:

Infructescence a raceme or panicle, 12–27 cm long; fruits pendulous; bracts foliaceous, sessile, cordate-auriculate, lower ones 4.1–6.2 by 2.1–3.6 cm, both sides ± shiny, glabrous, tardily deciduous, upper bracts similar, 1.8–3 by 1.2–1.8 cm, early deciduous; pedicels filiform, deflexed, (8–)11–13(–15) mm. Fruiting calyx reflexed, sepals enlarged ± equally, inner 2 slightly narrower, ovate to ovate-elliptic, (11.5–)14–16(–18) by (4.5–)8–10(–11) mm, base + abruptly attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded (rarely acute), usually mucronulate, stiffly chartaceous, outside brownish-purple, inside paler, becoming translucent with age, glabrous or outside sparsely pubescent basally. Utricle broadly rhombic to broadly obtrulloid, 5–7 by 6–8(–9) mm, stramineous, thickly chartaceous, smooth to coarsely wrinkled, with a spongy white mass inside between seed and fruit wall, glabrous.

Habit:

Herbaceous, subglabrous twiner to 2 m long. Stem terete, often minutely verruculose, stramineous to purplish-brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent in axillae near tips. Indumentum on axial parts: hairs 2-armed, simple, appressed, rarely some setose; laminar parts: hairs simple, straight, appressed.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence not seen.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus rhombicarpus Staples, Blumea 51: 447. 2006.

TYPE: India. Assam [Meghalaya]: Khasia hills, Mairung, 31 Oct. 1871, C. B. Clarke 16602 (holotype: K; isotypes: BM, CAL, FI, K, LE, SING, US).

Leaves:

Leaf petioles 3.5–13 cm long, flattish; blade broadly cordate, 7.5–11 by 4.6–8.2 cm, basal sinus deep, broad, apex attenuate-acuminate, adaxially darker brown, glabrous or sparsely strigose, abaxially paler grayish, glabrous.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed globose, faintly keeled, 3–4 mm diam., surface slightly resinous-mealy, dark brown to reddish-brown.

Dinetus racemosus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

Author:

Manitz, H.

Chromosome number:

General comments:

Dinetus racemosus is the core species in a group of 5 herbaceous perennial species that are widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia. The small, funnelform, deeply 5-lobed corolla, unequal stamens with almost the entire filament adnate to the corolla tube, and ellipsoid, scarcely bilobed stigma typify this group of species, which overlap in terms of vegetative and floral characters; only fruiting sepal and utricle characters serve to conclusively differentiate them.

Common names and uses:

Snow creeper (Nepal, Bhutan); ma-ywe (Myanmar, Kachin); bai hua teng, xiao yuan bao (China); phung khruea daeng (Thailand, Chiang Mai); khua tak tenk (Laos); rendeng, srintil, tjloenga, tjoenlor (Java); bofa-bofa (Alor, Lesser Sunda Islands). Dinetus racemosus has several ethnobotanical uses across its geographic range. In China it is used for treating “wind damage” and dyspepsia (Fang, D. et al. Guangxi yaoyong zhi wu minglu. 1986); the plant parts used and the method of preparation are not stated. In Laos, “…les jeunes feuilles sont comestibles les Laotiens les mangent avec du piment.” (ex label Poilane 2080) and “…sont comestibles à l’état vert et à l’état sec.” (ex label Poilane in herb. A. Chevalier 2375).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

Pakistan throughout N India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and

Ecology:

Open sites in
forests, thickets, scrub, on hillsides and along watercourses on diverse soil
types (e.g., sand, limestone, humus, granitic, loam, schistaceous, rocky,
“terre rouge riche”) at (50–)1000–2000(–3200) m altitude. Evidently weedy and
now often associated with human habitations and disturbance.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers fragrant; buds slenderly fusiform, (4–)5–7(–8) mm long, apex acute, tufted with yellowish-gold hairs. Sepals lanceolate-linear, equal, 1–2 by < 1 mm, acute to attenuate, glabrous and dark colored to densely silvery or golden sericeous. Corolla funnelform, white (rarely violet, see Notes), tube base yellow, membranous, (7–)8–11 by (6–)8–12(–13) mm, tube narrow, limb flaring, deeply 5-lobed or 5-parted, lobes obtuse, apiculate, glabrous inside and out except for abaxial tufts of hairs on lobe apices. Stamens unequal, ca. 1.5–2.5 mm long; filaments adnate to corolla tube, base pilose, glabrous above; anthers ca. 0.5 mm long, white; pollen 3-colpate, prolate to obtuse rectangular, 18–20 by 12–13(–15) micrometer, surface psilate. Pistil equal to or just longer than calyx; disc absent; ovary ovoid, < 0.5 mm tall, smooth; style ca. 1.5–2.5 mm long; stigma ellipsoid to claviform, apically emarginate or slightly bilobed.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx venose, reflexed; sepals spatulate to slenderly obovate, flat or slightly concave, 9–14(–18) by 2.5–4(–5) cm, margins entire, apex rounded or obtuse, apiculate, chartaceous, tan, brownish or purplish, inner surface opaque or slightly shiny, glabrous, outer surface opaque, puberulent or glabrous. Utricle pendant, slenderly ellipsoid to obovoid, 5–7(–9) by 3–4(–5) mm, apex apiculate or acute, thinly chartaceous, fragile, tan to stramineous, basally sometimes with 5 darker brown-purple streaks, glabrous.

Habit:

Perennial (or annual) twiner to 3–5(–20) m in length, sericeous or glabrous. Stem terete, smooth or striate, often minutely verruculose, stramineous to purplish, pubescent, later glabrate. Indumentum yellowish to silvery, axial parts: hairs simple and 2-armed; laminar parts: hairs simple on veins and along blade margins, 2- and 3-armed on blade surface.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence solitary (or paired), spreading, paniculate, 13–45 cm long; lower bracts petiolate, petiole 3–20 mm long, or sessile, amplexicaule, blade cordate, 2.6–4.6 by 1.4–2.8 cm, persistent; upper bracts 1.8–2.8 by 0.9–2.2 cm, diminishing to scales, deciduous; pedicel filiform, 4–7 mm; bracteoles 2, minute scales.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet, Brit. fl. gard. 2: tab. 127. [1 Oct.] 1825.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole 2.9–7.7 cm long, glabrous or puberulent; blade deeply cordate, 6–16.7 by 3.3–9.4 cm, basal sinus narrow, apex attenuate-acuminate, adaxially darker, strigose, abaxially paler, puberulous to tomentellous or rarely tomentose-sericeous.

Phenology:

Indian subcontinent, east to Bangladesh

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens	2	2		1	3	2		2	23	47	11
Fruiting specimens	3	4	1	2						5	23	14

Myanmar, Southeast Asia, peninsular Malaysia

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens				2			1		5	16	14	8
Fruiting specimens	4			2						1	11	15

China

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens		4			2	2	3	8	83	56	10	2
Fruiting specimens				1			2	1	10	58	38	16

Malesia

Months	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Flowering specimens				5	5	5	5	1		1
Fruiting specimens						2	3	1		1

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, prolate to obtuse rectangular, 18–20 by 12–13(–15) micrometer, surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Manitz, H. 1983. Wiss. Z. Friederich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 32: 915–944.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid to subglobose, 3–5 by 2.5–4 mm, reddish brown to dark brown, smooth, glabrous. Seedlings with visible hypocotyl; cotyledons ovate, apex acute or tridentate.

Synonyms:

Dinetus racemosus

Porana cordifolia Ledeb., Indicis Seminum Horti Academici Dorpatensis, suppl. 2: 6. [6 Dec.] 1824. TYPE: Estonia. [Tartu:] cultivated in hort. bot. Dorpat, Herb. Ledebour s.n. (lectotype: LE; isolectotypes: LE, W).

Porana racemosa J. Jacq. in Sprengel, Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 1: 614. 1825 [late 1824] non Roxb. (Mar-June 1824). Type: Nepal. Wallich Cat. 1326 (lectotype: W; isolectotypes: LE, S, W).

Porana dichotoma Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. fl. nepal. 99. [1 Jan.-1 Feb.] 1825, invalid under Art. 34.

Porana elegans Zoll. in Zollinger & Moritzi, Natuur-Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië 2: 571. 1844. TYPE: [Indonesia.] Java: in montosis Tengger, pr. Poespo, Oct. 1844, Zollinger distr. 2560 (lectotype: A; isolectotypes: BM, G, LE, P).

Porana gagnepainiana H. Lév., Cat. pl. Yun-Nan 58. 1916. TYPE: China. Yunnan: haies de la plaine à Long-Ky, June 1912, E. Maire s.n. (holotype: E; isotypes: A, G, W).

Porana racemosa Roxb. var. tomentella C.Y. Wu, Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Floristics Res. Rept. 1: 103. tab. 33, fig. 4. 1965. TYPE: China. Yunnan: Jennyeh Hsien, Hwei-du, Oct.-Nov. 1936, C.W. Wang 80276 (holotype: KUN; isotype: A).

Porana racemosa Roxb. var. violacea C.Y. Wu, Yunnan Trop. & Subtrop. Floristics Res. Rept. 1: 103. tab. 34, fig. 1. 1965. TYPE: CHINA. Sichuan: Muli Xian, 7 Sep. 1937, T.T. Yü 14179 (holotype: KUN; isotype: A, KUN).

Dinetus malabaricus

Author:

G. Staples

Contributors:

Distribution Map:

General comments:

Dinetus malabaricus is similar to D. racemosus, but overall has a more robust aspect, with stouter stems, thicker leaf blades, noticeably larger fruiting sepals and utricles. The shape of the fruiting sepals and utricle also serves to differentiate D. malabaricus from D. racemosus, D. rhombicarpus and D. truncatus.

The distribution of D. malabaricus in southern peninsular India is entirely disjunct from that of D. rhombicarpus (northeastern India and upper Myanmar) and of D. truncatus (northeastern India across to eastern China). The range of D. racemosus marginally overlaps that of D. malabaricus but they are mostly allopatric. Based on the distinctive fruiting characters and the almost completely allopatric distribution of these 4 taxa I recognize them at species rank. Further study is needed to verify this placement. In particular, cytological study of D. malabaricus might prove instructive.

Common names and uses:

Bowri, gariya (Marathi).

Author:

G. Staples

Distribution:

India (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu) (Map).

Ecology:

Rare to abundant
in dry fields, Carissa scrub, forest margins and along roadsides, at
1000–1500 m elevation.

Editor:

George Staples, Esmond Er

Flowers:

Flowers small; buds slenderly fusiform, attenuate at both ends, 5–6.5 mm long, apex acute. Sepals equal, lanceolate, 2–3 by 1 mm, base truncate, margins entire, apex attenuate, chartaceous, sparsely golden sericeous. Corolla slenderly funnelform, diaphanous, white, 7–9(–10) by 5–9(–11) mm, tube widening gradually, limb spreading abruptly, deeply 5-lobed, lobes broadly elliptic to ovate, apically obtuse to acute, tufted with tawny hairs, corolla otherwise glabrous. Stamens unequal, 1–2.5 mm long, included; filaments glabrous or bases sparsely pilose; anthers ovoid-sagittate, < 0.5 mm long; pollen 3-colpate, spheroidal, ca. 15 micrometer diam., surface psilate. Pistil ca. 2 mm long, included; disc annular, tan; ovary attenuate-ovoid, < 1 mm tall, tapering into style; style ca. 1 mm long; stigma clavate, apically emarginate to slightly bilobed, grayish.

Fruits:

Fruiting calyx loosely clasping utricle (reflexed at maturity?), sepals all enlarged ± equally, inner 2 narrower than outer 3, elliptic to narrowly obovate-spatulate, occasionally ovate to lanceolate, 17–23.5 by 7–12.5 mm, base truncate, margins entire, flat, apex obtuse, rounded, or retuse and mucronulate, chartaceous, stramineous to brownish or purplish, glabrous (rarely sparsely sericeous). Utricle ellipsoid, widest near middle, (8–)10–13(–14) by 4– 5.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse, apiculate with persistent style base, chartaceous, stramineous to brownish-tan, glabrous.

Habit:

Subglabrous twiner several meters long. Stems terete, stout, striate or verruculose, stramineous to purplish-brown. Indumentum on axial parts velutinous or tomentose, hairs simple; laminar structures strigose, hairs simple, rarely some 2- or 3-armed, erect hairs.

Inflorescences:

Inflorescence lax, 12–20 cm long, slightly longer in fruit, axis stout, subglabrous; lower bracts sessile and amplexicaule, or petiolate, petiole 2–18 mm long, blade ovate to cordate, 3–5.5 by 1.7–3.7 cm, base cordate, apex apiculate to acuminate, persisting in fruit; upper bracts sessile, attenuate-ovate to lanceolate, 5–10 by 2–5 mm, deciduous; uppermost bracts linear, 2–4 mm long, deciduous; bracteoles 2, minute, immediately subtending calyx, sparsely sericeous or glabrous, deciduous or persisting, enlarged to 1–3 mm long; pedicels filiform, 2–3 mm, elongating to 6–12 mm in fruit, velutinous to sericeous.

Accepted name/Authority/Place of publication:

Dinetus malabaricus (C.B. Clarke) Staples, Blumea 51: 441. 2006.

Leaves:

Leaf petiole terete, 2.4–7 cm long, subglabrous; blade broadly cordate, 6.8–12 by 4.2–7.4 cm, base cordate, sinus deep, broad, apex abruptly acuminate to apiculate, adaxially darker brown, glabrous or sparsely strigose, abaxially paler tan, hairs especially dense along margins and on veins.

Phenology:

Months

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Flowering specimens

Fruiting specimens

Pollen:

Pollen 3-colpate, spheroidal, ca. 15 micrometer diam., surface psilate.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

References:

Staples, G.W. 2006. Blumea 51: 403–491.

Seeds:

Seed ellipsoid to obovoid, 6–8 by 3–4 mm, brown to reddish brown, smooth, glabrous.

Synonyms:

Porana malabarica C.B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 4: 223. 1883. TYPE: India. [Karnataka:] Malabar and Concan, “Bababoodim hills”, s.d., Stocks & Law s.n. distributed as ‘# 3 Porana’ (lectotype: K!; isolectotypes: BM!, C!, CAL!, E!, FI!, G!, GH!, GOET! [mixed with Evolvulus alsinoides], L!, LE!, M!, MEL!, MO!, NY!, P!, S!, W!).

Misapplied name: Porana racemosa sensu authors not Roxb. (1824): Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay fl. 162. 1861.

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